Compasión, celos y envidia: emociones sociales y cyberbullying entre adolescentes / Compassion, jealousy and envy: social emotions and cyberbullying among adolescents

Las emociones cumplen un papel fundamental en la capacidad de acción de los seres humanos, razón por la cual es indispensable estudiarlas para entender los fenómenos sociales contemporáneos en los que participan los adolescentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las experiencias de la compasión, los celos y la envidia de los adolescentes implicados en situaciones de cyberbullying en los roles de espectadores y agresores. Se trata de una investigación con diseño cualitativo en la que se entrevistó a 31 adolescentes entre los 12 y 17 años (M=15,23, DS=1,6) que participaron de situaciones de cyberbullying como espectadores y/o agresores. Los resultados indican que la compasión adquiere la forma de tristeza y rabia, especialmente entre los espectadores de cyberbullying. Por otra parte, los celos son un motivo que justifica la agresión a otros a través de Internet, y una forma de gestionar las tensiones en los vínculos sexo-afectivos. El uso de redes sociales digitales y la participación en escenarios presenciales en los que se disputan posiciones a nivel académico favorece el proceso de comparación social vinculado a la envidia que está en la base del cyberbullying. Finalmente, este estudio es una invitación para padres, docentes e institucionales estatales a que acompañen a los adolescentes a gestionar sus conflictos sin que las agresiones presenciales y online medien en sus interacciones

Emotions play a fundamental role in the capacity for action of human beings, which is why it is essential to study them in order to understand contemporary social phenomena in which adolescents participate. This research aims to understand the experiences of compassion, jealousy and envy of adolescents involved in cyberbullying situations in the roles of bystanders and aggressors. This is a qualitative design research in which 31 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 (M=15.23, SD=1.6) who participated in cyberbullying situations as bystanders and aggressors were interviewed. The results indicate that compassion takes the form of sadness and anger, especially among cyberbullying bystanders. On the other hand, jealousy is a motive that justifies aggression to others through the Internet, and a way of managing tensions in sex-affective bonds. The use of digital social networks and participation in face-to-face scenarios in which positions are disputed at the academic level, favours the process of social comparison linked to envy that is at the basis of cyberbullying. Finally, this study is an invitation for parents, teachers and state institutions to accompany adolescents in managing their conflicts without face-to-face and online aggressions mediating their interactions.

Ira y cyberbullying entre adolescentes: amistad, injusticia e imagen en entornos digitales / Ira e cyberbullying entre adolescentes: amizade, injustiça e imagem em ambientes digitais / Anger and cyberbullying among adolescents: friendship, injustice and image in digital environments

RESUMEN. El cyberbullying es un problema creciente, sobre todo entre la población adolescente. Este fenómeno amerita investigación científica que apunte a explicarlo en el mayor número de aspectos posibles, incluyendo las emociones. En este marco, la presente investigación se ocupa de analizar la ira en adolescentes involucrados en situaciones de cyberbullying. Se realizó un estudio con diseño cualitativo y método fenomenológico-hermenéutico, en el que se entrevistaron 31 adolescentes entre los 12 y 17 años de edad, implicados en situaciones de cyberbullying en los roles de víctimas o espectadores. Las víctimas de ciberacoso sienten ira, especialmente, cuando las agresiones provienen de parte de personas a quienes consideraban sus amigos. Esta emoción se experimenta junto con otros afectos como la tristeza y la vergüenza. Para los espectadores, la ira está asociada a situaciones de injusticia y a la percepción de que los agresores no tienen empatía hacia las víctimas. Los adolescentes reconocen los efectos negativos que el cyberbullying tiene sobre la imagen de las personas en entornos digitales. Comprender el lugar que ocupan las emociones en las agresiones mediadas por TIC es fundamental para generar conocimiento que sirva de base para el diseño e implementación de programas de intervención psicosocial del ciberacoso, y promover espacios de reflexión sobre de lo que significa la intimidad, la amistad y la confianza en la era digital.

RESUMO. O cyberbullying é um problema crescente, especialmente entre a população adolescente. Esse fenômeno merece pesquisas científicas que visam explicá-lo no maior número possível de aspectos, incluindo emoções. Dentro dessa estrutura, a presente investigação se preocupa em analisar a raiva em adolescentes envolvidos em situações de cyberbullying. Foi realizado um estudo com desenho qualitativo e método fenomenológico-hermenêutico, no qual foram entrevistados 31 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos de idade, envolvidos em situações de cyberbullying no papel de vítimas ou espectadores. As vítimas do cyberbullying sentem raiva, principalmente quando os ataques são de pessoas que consideram amigas. Essa emoção é experimentada junto com outros afetos, como tristeza e vergonha. Para os espectadores, a raiva está associada a situações de injustiça e à percepção de que os agressores não têm empatia pelas vítimas. Os adolescentes reconhecem os efeitos negativos que o cyberbullying tem sobre a imagem das pessoas em ambientes digitais. Compreender o lugar que as emoções ocupam nas agressões mediadas pelas TIC é essencial para gerar conhecimento que serve de base para o desenho e implementação de programas de intervenção psicossocial do cyberbullying e promover espaços de reflexão sobre o que significa intimidade, amizade e confie na era digital.

ABSTRACT. Cyberbullying is a growing problem, especially among the adolescent population. This phenomenon warrants scientific research that aims to explain it in as many aspects as possible, including emotions. In this context, this research deals with the analysis of anger in adolescents involved in cyberbullying situations. A study with qualitative design and the phenomenological-hermeneutic method was conducted, in which 31 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 were interviewed, involved in cyberbullying situations in the roles of victims or bystanders. Victims of cyberbullying feel angry, especially when the assaults come from people they considered their friends. This emotion is experienced along with other affections such as sadness and shame. For bystanders, anger is associated with situations of injustice and the perception that aggressors have no empathy for the victims. Adolescents recognize the negative effects that cyberbullying has on people's image in digital environments. Understanding the place of emotions in ICT-mediated aggressions is essential to generate knowledge that serves as the basis for the design and implementation of psychosocial intervention programs in cyberbullying, and to promote spaces for reflection on what intimacy, friendship, and trust mean in the digital age.

Estructura factorial y fiabilidad del Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ) y su complemento (CBQ-V) en adolescentes ecuatorianos / Factorial structure and reliability of Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ) and her complement (BCQ-V) in ecuadorian teenagers

Resumen Analizar la estructura factorial y la fiabilidad del Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ), que mide la perpetración del cyberbullying, y además medir su complemento, la victimización (CBQ-V) en una muestra de adolescentes tungurahuenses. El estudio es de carácter instrumental para constatar la construcción factorial y la consistencia interna de las pruebas en una muestra de 998 estudiantes de bachillerato de seis centros educativos de Tungurahua. Se encontró que el CBQ explica el 58.5% de la varianza con tres factores con valores de S-B c2= 29.5;gl= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/gl= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 y RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. Mientras que el CBQ-V igualmente con tres factores explica el 52.6% de la varianza con S-B c2= 29.5;gl= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/gl= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 y RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los puntajes alcanzados para el CBQ es α(ordinal)= .903 y CBQ-V es α(ordinal)= .879. Se concluye quelas pruebas bajo análisis son válidas como constructo y fiables en estudiantes de bachillerato de Tungurahua.

Abstract To analyze the factor structure and reliability of the Cyberbullying Questionnaire (CBQ), which measures the prevalence of cyberbullying; as well as measure the complement on victimization (CBQ-V).The study is instrumental in verifying the factorial construction and internal consistency of the tests in a sample of 998 high school students from six educational centres in Tungurahua. It was found that the CBQ explains 58.5% of the variance with three factors with values of S-B c2= 29.5;df= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/df= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 and RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 - .05]. While the CBQ-V also with three factors explains 52.6% of the variance with S-B c2= 29.5;df= 24;p> .05; S-B c2/df= 1.2; NNFI = .95; CFI = .96; GFI = .90 and RMSEA = .08 IC 90% [.10 -.05]. Regarding reliability, the scores reached for the CBQ is α(ordinal)= .903 and CBQ-V is α(ordinal)= .879. It is concluded that the tests under analysis are valid as a construct and reliable in Tungurahua high school students.

El ciberacoso entre jóvenes del barrio López de Mesa, Medellín-Colombia / Cyberbullying between young people in López de Mesa neighborhood of Medellín-Colombia

El ciberacoso es aquel fenómeno que se produce a través de dispositivos digitales como teléfonos celulares o computadoras; suele ocurrir generalmente mediante mensajes de texto o redes sociales. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los efectos del ciberacoso en los jóvenes del barrio López de Mesa (Medellín-Colombia), así como también las causas, consecuencias y posibles métodos de intervención. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se ha utilizado la encuesta, a través de la cual se concluye que los jóvenes son quienes se ven más afectados por el fenómeno estudiado.

Cyberbullying is one that occurs through digital devices such as cell phones or computers. This is usually done by text messaging or social networking. The project aims to analyze the effects of cyberbullying on young people in the Lopez de Mesa neighborhood, as well as the causes, consequences and possible methods of intervention. On the other hand, the survey has been used as a data collection tool, which concludes that young people are the ones most affected by the studied phenomenon.

Does cyberbullying occur simultaneously with other types of violence exposure?

Objective: Our study aimed to verify whether cyberbullying victimization among adolescents occurs concomitantly with other forms of violence exposure (at home, at school and in the community). Methods: A collaborative longitudinal study by Norwegian and Brazilian researchers was conducted in Itaboraí, a low-income city in southeast Brazil. At baseline, trained interviewers applied a semi-structured questionnaire to a population-based sample of 669 in-school adolescents (11-15 years old). The investigated types of violence exposure included cyberbullying, traditional bullying, severe physical punishment by parents and community violence (victimization and eye-witnessed violent events outside the home and school). Results: In the previous six months, 1.9% of the adolescents had been victims of cyberbullying, and 21.9% had been victims of physical aggression, verbal harassment and/or social manipulation by peers. However, only 5.5% of the adolescents considered themselves bullying victims. In the previous 12 months, 12.4% of adolescents had suffered severe physical punishment, 14.0% had been victims of community violence, and 20.9% eye-witnessed community violence. Multivariable regression analysis showed that victimization by multiple types of traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying victimization were correlates of cyberbullying victimization, while suffering violence at home and in the community were not. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of an association between cyberbullying, traditional bullying and self-perceived bullying among low-income Brazilian adolescents.

Cyberbulling: conceituações, dinâmicas, personagens e implicações à saúde / Cyberbullying: concepts, dynamics, characters and health implications

Resumo O estudo buscou realizar a revisão crítica de um conjunto de revisões bibliográficas no intuito de conhecer como o cyberbullying é compreendido pela comunidade científica, como o fenômeno vem sendo conceituado, como suas dinâmicas têm sido descritas, quais personagens identificados e quais as associações apontadas à saúde das pessoas intimidadas e dos perpetradores. A literatura mostrou que não há um consenso sobre a conceituação de cyberbullying, contudo há argumentos que defendem sua especificidade e diferenciação em relação ao bullying. Ele pode ocorrer a qualquer momento e sem um espaço demarcado fisicamente, pode ser disseminado globalmente, o tempo de permanência das postagens ofensivas é indeterminado. Quanto à questão de gênero associada a essa prática, observou-se um viés reducionista do debate, indicando diferenças baseadas numa suposta superioridade tecnológica dos meninos. Os estudos revisados apontam que tanto as vítimas quanto os praticantes de cyberbullying vivenciam experiências negativas em sua saúde psicológica e comportamental, podendo ocorrer inclusive evasão escolar, isolamento social, depressão, ideação suicida e suicídio. Todavia, pouco se problematiza sobre a cultura cyber e como esta estabelece novas socialidades - conhecimento e debate cruciais à compreensão do fenômeno.

Abstract The study aimed to conduct a critical review of a set of bibliographical reviews to identify how the scientific community understands cyberbullying, how the phenomenon has been conceptualized, how its dynamics have been described, what characters are identified and what associations are related to the health of intimidated persons and perpetrators. The literature has shown that there is no consensus on the concept of cyberbullying, but there are arguments that advocate its specificity and differentiation vis-à-vis bullying, (it can occur at any moment and without a physically demarcated space; it can be disseminated globally, the length of permanence of the offensive posts is undetermined). As for the gender issue associated with this practice, a reductionist bias was observed in the debate, indicating differences based on an alleged technological superiority of boys. The reviewed studies show that both victims and those who practice cyberbullying undergo negative experiences in their psychological and behavioral health, where school dropout may also occur, along with social isolation, depression, suicidal ideation and suicide. However, there is hardly any questioning about cyberculture and how it establishes new socialities - knowledge and debate crucial to understanding the phenomenon.